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About Reflective X-ray Optics
Reflective X-ray Optics LLC (RXO)
was formed in 2005 by Dr. David L. Windt, company president. Since its
founding, RXO has produced EUV multilayer coatings for NASA’s SDO/AIA and GOES-16/SUVI
solar physics satellite instruments, and hard X-ray multilayer coatings for
NASA’s NuSTAR astronomy mission. RXO has also produced coatings
for a number of NASA sounding-rocket instruments, including Hi-C,
MOSES, EUNIS, VERIS and SCORE, along with a variety of novel coatings for other EUV
and X-ray applications as well.
David L. Windt received a B.S. degree in physics
from the University of Connecticut, and M.S. and Ph.D. degrees in physics from
the University of Colorado, Boulder. He holds an Adjunct Research Scientist
position in the Columbia Astrophysics Laboratory at Columbia University, and has
held past research positions at Columbia University, Bell Laboratories, and the
Lockheed Palo Alto Research Laboratory. His research over the past three+
decades has focused largely on the development of X-ray optics for a variety of
scientific, technological, and medical applications, including astronomy, solar
physics, EUV lithography, and X-ray mammography. CV, Publications,
GPG Public Key
Selected Publications
Bilayer and trilayer X-ray mirror
coatings containing W, Pt, or Ir in combination with C, C/Co, B4C, or B4C/Ni:
X-ray Reflectance, Film Stress, and Temporal Stability
D. L. Windt, R. P. Conley, E. M. Gullikson, C. Gollwitzer,
M. Krumrey, and C. Laubis,
App. Opt., 62, 9568 – 9576 (2023) https://doi:
10.1364/AO.496511
Coating
of Thin, Lightweight X-ray Mirrors Without Distortion
P. M. Solly, W. W. Zhang, D. Windt, Y. Yao, Proc.
SPIE, 12181 121814P-1 (2022), https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2629540
SunCET:
The Sun Coronal Ejection Tracker Concept
J. P. Mason, P. C. Chamberlin, D. Seaton, J. Burkepile,
R. Colaninno, K. Dissauer,
F. G. Eparvier, Y. Fan, S. Gibson, A. R. Jones, C.
Kay, M. Kirk, R. Kohnert, W. D. Pesnell,
B. J. Thompson, A. M. Veronig, M. J. West, D. Windt,
T. N. Woods, J. Space Weather and Space Climate, 11, 20, (2021) doi: 10.1051/swsc/2021004
NExtUP: the Normal-incidence Extreme
Ultraviolet Photometer
J. J. Drake, P. Cheimets, C. Garraffo,
B. Wargelin, A. Youngblood, V. L. Kashyap,
P. Testa, D. Caldwell, J. Mason, B. Fleming, K.
France, S. Wolk, O. Siegmund,
T. Koskinen, J. Alvarado-Gomez, M. Mercedes
Lopez-Morales, G. Gronoff, J. Bookbinder, M. Barstow,
D. Windt, R. Gladstone, C. Loghry, R. Yarbrough,
Proc. SPIE, 1182108 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2594408
Innovative design of EUV multilayer
reflective coating for improved spectral filtering in solar imaging
M. Suman, M. G. Pelizzo, D.
L. Windt, G. Monaco, S. Zuccon, and P. Nicolosi, Proc. SPIE, 1056667 (2020)
The High-Resolution Coronal Imager,
Flight 2.1
L. A. Rachmeler, A. R. Winebarger,
S. L. Savage, L. Golub, K. Kobayashi, G. D. Vigil, D.
H. Brooks, J. W. Cirtain, B. De Pontieu,
D. E. McKenzie, R. J. Morton, H. Peter, P. Testa, S.
K. Tiwari, R. W. Walsh, H. P. Warren, C. Alexander,
D. Ansell, B. L. Beabout, D. L. Beabout,
C. W. Bethge, P. R. Champey,
P. N. Cheimets, M. A. Cooper, H. K. Creel, R. Gates,
C. Gomez, A. Guillory, H. Haight, W. D. Hogue, T.
Holloway, D. W. Hyde, R. Kenyon, J. N. Marshall, J. E. McCracken, K. McCracken,
K. O. Mitchell, M. Ordway, T. Owen, J. Ranganathan,
B. A. Robertson, M. J. Payne, W. Podgorski, J. Pryor,
J. Samra, M. D. Sloan, H. A. Soohoo,
D. B. Steele, F. V. Thompson, G. S. Thornton, B. Watkinson & D. L. Windt,
Solar Physics, 294, 174 (2019) doi:
10.1007/s11207-019-1551-2
Monochromatic mammography using
scanning X-ray mirrors
D. L. Windt, Rev. Sci. Instrum., 89, 083702
(2018) doi:10.1063/1.5041799
Design of a broad-band soft X-ray polarimeter
H. L. Marshall, H. Moritz Günther, R. K. Heilmann, N. S. Schulz, M. Egan, T. Hellickson,
D. L. Windt, E. M. Gullikson, B. Ramsey, G. Tagliaferri,
and G. Pareschi, J. Astron. Telesc.
Instrum. Syst., 4, 011005-1 – 011005-12 (2018), doi: 10.1117/1.JATIS.4.1.011005
Advancements in hard X-ray multilayers for
X-ray astronomy
D. L. Windt, Proc. SPIE, 9603-42 (2015)
Two-dimensional differential deposition:
figure correction of thin-shell mirror substrates for X-ray astronomy
D. L. Windt and R. Conley, Proc. SPIE, 9603-47 (2015)
EUV multilayer coatings for solar imaging
and spectroscopy
D. L. Windt, Proc. SPIE, 9604-24 (2015)
Pd/B4C/Y
multilayer coatings for extreme ultraviolet applications near 10 nm wavelength
D. L. Windt and E. M. Gullikson, App. Opt., 54, 5850 (2015)
Laboratory-based x-ray
reflectometer for multilayer characterization in the 15-150 keV energy band
D. L. Windt, Rev. Sci. Inst., 86, 043107 (2015)
The use of laterally graded multilayer
mirrors for soft x-ray polarimetry
H. L. Marshall, N. S. Schulz, D. L. Windt, E. M. Gullikson, M. Craft, E.
Blake, C. Ross, Proc SPIE, 9603-39 (2015)
Multisegmented,
multilayer-coated mirrors for the Solar Ultraviolet Imager
D. Martínez-Galarce, R. Soufli,
D. L. Windt, M. Bruner, E. Gullikson, S. Khatri, E.
Spiller, J. C. Robinson, S. Baker, E. Prast, Opt.
Eng. 52, 095102 (2013)
Hi-C: The High Resolution Coronal Imager
K. Kobayashi, J. Cirtain, A. R. Winebarger,
K. Korreck, L. Golub, R. W.
Walsh, B. De Pontieu, C. DeForest,
A. Title, S. Kuzin, S. Savage, D. Beabout,
B. Beabout, W. Podgorski,
D. Caldwell, K. McCracken, M. Ordway, H. Begner, R.
Gates, S. McKillop, P. Cheimets,
S. Platt, N. Mitchell, D. Windt, Solar Physics (2013)
The Atmospheric Imaging Assembly (AIA) on
the Solar Dynamics Observatory (SDO)
J. R. Lemen, A. M. Title, D. J. Akin, P. F. Boerner, C. Chou, J. F. Drake, D. W. Duncan, C. G. Edwards,
F. M. Friedlaender, G. F. Heyman,
N. E. Hurlburt, N. L. Katz, G. D. Kushner, M. Levay, R. W. Lindgren, D. P. Mathur,
E. L. McFeaters, S. Mitchell, R. A. Rehse, C. J. Schrijver, L. A.
Springer, R. A. Stern, T. D. Tarbell, J.-P. Wuelser,
C. J. Wolfson, C. Yanari,
J. A. Bookbinder, P. M. Cheimets, D. Caldwell, E. E.
Deluca, R. Gates, L. Golub, S. Park, W. A. Podgorski, R. I. Bush, P. H. Scherrer,
M. A. Gummin, P. Smith, G. Auker,
P. Jerram, P. Pool, R. Soufli,
D. L. Windt, S. Beardsley, M. Clapp, J. Lang, N. Waltham, Solar Physics, 275,
14 (2012)
Initial Calibration of
the Atmospheric Imaging Assembly (AIA) on the Solar Dynamics Observatory (SDO)
P. Boerner, C. Edwards, J. Lemen,
A. Rausch, C. Schrijver, R. Shine, L. Shing, R. Stern, T. Tarbell, A. Title, C. J. Wolfson, R. Soufli, E. Spiller,
E. Gullikson, D. McKenzie, D. Windt, L. Golub, W. Podgorski, P. Testa, M. Weber,
Solar Physics, 275, 41 – 66 (2012)
In-band and out-of-band reflectance
calibrations of the EUV telescope mirrors of the atmospheric imaging assembly
(AIA) instrument aboard the Solar Dynamics Observatory (SDO)
R. Soufli, E. A. Spiller, D. L. Windt, J. C.
Robinson, A. L. Aquila, F, J. Dollar, E. M. Gullikson, L. Rodriguez de Marcos,
J. A. M. Morales, M. Fernandez-Perea, J. I. Larruquert, L. Golub, P. Boerner, Proc. SPIE, 8443-84433C (2012)
Extreme ultraviolet multilayer for the FERMI@Elettra free electron laser beam transport system
A. J. Corso, P. Zuppella,
D. L. Windt, M. Zangrando, M. G. Pelizzo,
Opt. Ex., 20, 8006 – 8014 (2012)
Stability of EUV multilayer coatings to
low energy proton bombardment
M. G. Pelizzo, A. J. Corso,
P. Zuppella, D. L. Windt, G. Mattei
and P. Nicolosi, Opt. Ex. 19, 14838 – 14844 (2011)
Capped Mo/Si multilayers with improved
performance at 30.4 nm for future solar missions
A. J. Corso, P. Zuppella,
P. Nicolosi, D. L. Windt, E. Gullikson, and M. G. Pelizzo, Opt. Ex,, 19, 13963 – 13973 (2011)
Coatings for the NuSTAR mission
F. E. Christensen, A. C. Jakobsen, N. F. Brejnholt, K. K Madsen, A. Hornstrup, N. J.Westergaard,
J. Momberg, J. Koglin, A.
M. Fabricant, M. Stern, W. W. Craig, M. J. Pivovaroff,
D. Windt, Proc. SPIE, 8147, 81470U (2011)
Performance
optimization of Si/Gd extreme ultraviolet multilayers
D. L. Windt, J. A. Bellotti, B. Kjornrattanawanich, and J. F. Seely,
App. Opt. 48, 5502 – 5508
(2009)
Performance,
structure and stability of SiC/Al multilayer films for extreme ultraviolet
applications
D. L. Windt and J. A. Bellotti, App. Opt. 48, 4932 – 4941 (2009)
Normal-incidence
silicon–gadolinium multilayers for imaging at 63 nm wavelength
B. Kjornrattanawanich, D. L. Windt and J. F. Seely, Opt. Lett., 33, 465 (2008)
The EUV Imaging Spectrometer for Hinode
J. L. Culhane, L. K. Harra,
A. M. James, J. Al-Janabi, L. J. Bradley, R. A. Chaudry, K. Rees, J. A. Tandy, P. Thomas, M. C. R. Whillock, B. Winter, G. Doschek,
C. M. Korendyke, C. M., Brown, S. Myers, J. Mariska,J. Seely, J. Lang, B. J.
Kent, B. M., Shaughnessy, P. R. Young, G. M. Simnett,
C. M., Castelli, S. Mahmoud, H. Mapson-Menard,
B. J. Probyn, R. J. Thomas, J. Davila, K. Dere, D. Windt, J. Shea, R. Hagood,
R. Moye, H. Hara, T. Watanabe, K. Matsuzaki,
T. Kosugi, V. Hansteen, Ř. Wikstol,
Solar Physics, 243, 19 – 61 (2007)
Reduction of stress and roughness by
reactive sputtering in W/B4C multilayer films
D. L. Windt, Proc. SPIE, 6688
(2007)
Terbium-based extreme ultraviolet
multilayers
D. L. Windt, J. F. Seely, B. Kjornrattanawanich,
and Yu. A. Uspenskii, Opt. Lett., 30, 3186 - 3188 (2005)
Stability of EUV multilayers to long-term heating, and to energetic protons and
neutrons, for extreme solar missions
A. D. Rousseau, D. L. Windt, B. Winter, L. Harra, H. Lamoureux, and F. Eriksson, Proc. SPIE, 5900 (2005)
Development and testing of EUV
multilayer coatings for the Atmospheric Imaging Assembly aboard the Solar
Dynamics Observatory
R. Soufli, D. L. Windt, J. C. Robinson, S. L. Baker,
E. Spiller, F. J. Dollar, A. L. Aquila, E. M. Gullikson, B. Kjornrattanawanich,
J. F. Seely, L. Golub, Proc. SPIE, 5901 (2005)
Experimental comparison of
extreme-ultraviolet multilayers for solar physics
D. L. Windt, S.
Donguy, J. Seely and B. Kjornrattanawanich, App.
Opt. 43, 1835 – 1848 (2004)
Normal-incidence efficiencies of multilayer-coated
laminar gratings for the Extreme-Ultraviolet Imaging Spectrometer on the
Solar-B mission
J. F. Seely, C. M. Brown, D. L. Windt, S. Donguy
and B. Kjornrattanawanich, App. Opt., 43, 1463 - 1471 (2004)
EUV multilayers for solar physics
D. L. Windt, S. Donguy, J. Seely,
B. Kjornrattanawanich, E. M. Gullikson, C. C. Walton,
L. Golub, E. DeLuca, Proc. SPIE, 5168, 1 (2003)
Optical constants for hard x-ray multilayers
over the energy range E=35 - 180 keV
D. L. Windt, S. Donguy, C. J. Hailey, J. Koglin, V. Honkimaki, E. Ziegler,
F. E. Christensen, F. A. Harrison, Proc.
SPIE, 5168, 35 (2003)
W/SiC X-ray multilayers optimized for use
above 100 keV
D. L. Windt, S. Donguy, C. J. Hailey, J. Koglin, V. Honkimaki, E. Ziegler,
F. E. Christensen, C. M. H. Chen, F. A. Harrison, W. W. Craig, Proc. SPIE, 4851, 639 (2002) & App. Opt., 42, 2415 - 2421 (2003)
Microstructure of thin tantalum films
sputtered onto inclined substrates: Experiments and atomistic simulations
J. Dalla Torre, G. H. Gilmer, D. L. Windt, R. Kalyanaraman, F. H. Baumann, P. L. O'Sullivan, J. Sapjeta, T. Diaz de la Rubia, and
M. Djafari Rouhani, J. App. Phys., 94, 263 - 271 (2003)
Diffraction-limited astronomical X-ray
imaging and X-ray interferometry using normal-incidence multilayer optics
D. L. Windt, S. M. Kahn, G. E. Sommargren, Proc. SPIE, 4851, 441 (2003)
Normal-incidence reflectance of optimized
W/B4C X-ray multilayers in the range 1.4 nm < lambda < 2.4 nm
D. L. Windt, E. M. Gullikson, C. C. Walton, Opt. Lett., 27, 2212-2214 (2002)
The feasibility of detecting 'cosmological'
gray dust
D. L. Windt, Ap. J. L., 564,
L61 (2002)
A photometric imaging solar telescope,
tunable in the extreme ultraviolet, utilizing multilayer X-ray optics
L. Golub, E. DeLuca, P. Hamilton, G. Nystrom, D. L.
Windt, W. K. H. Schmidt and A. Dannenberg, Rev. Sci. Instr., 73, 1908 (2002)
Growth, structure and performance of
depth-graded W/Si multilayers for hard X-ray optics
D. L. Windt , F. E. Christensen, W. W. Craig, C. Hailey, F. A. Harrison, M.
Jimenez-Garate, R. Kalyanaraman,
and P. H. Mao, J. Appl. Phys., 88,
460 (2000)
X-ray multilayer coatings for use at
energies above 100 keV
D. L. Windt , F. E. Christensen, W. W. Craig, C. Hailey, F. A. Harrison, M.
Jimenez-Garate, R. Kalyanaraman,
and P. H. Mao, Proc. SPIE, 4012, 442 (2000)
Stress, microstructure and stability of
Mo/Si, W/Si, and Mo/C multilayer films
D. L. Windt , J. Vac. Sci. Technol. A,
18, 980-991 (2000)
The scattering of X-rays by interstellar
dust on the micro-arcsecond scale
D. L. Windt, W. C. Cash and S. M. Kahn
Ap. J., 528, 306-309 (2000)
Growth and structure of metallic barrier
layer and interconnect films I: experiments
D. L. Windt, J. Dalla Torre, G. H. Gilmer, J. Sapjeta, R. Kalyanaraman, F. H.
Baumann, P. L. O'Sullivan, D. Dunn, R. Hull Proc. MRS, 564, 307-312 (1999)
Growth and structure of metallic barrier
layer and interconnect films II: atomistic simulations of film deposition onto
inclined surfaces
J. Dalla Torre, G. H. Gilmer, D. L. Windt, F. H.
Baumann, R. Kalyanaraman, Hanchen
Huang, T. Diaz de la Rubia, and M. Djafari Rouhani Proc. MRS, 564, (1999)
Low-stress W/Cr films for SCALPEL mask
scattering layers
D. L. Windt, J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B,
17, 1385-1389 (1999)
Amorphous carbon films for use as both variable-transmission
apertures and attenuated phase-shift masks for DUV lithography
D. L. Windt and R. A. Cirelli, J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B, 17, 930-932
(1999)
Multilayer films for figured X-ray optics
D. L. Windt, Proc. SPIE 3448
(1998)
IMD: Software for modeling the optical
properties of multilayer films
D. L. Windt, Computers in Physics, 12,
360-370 (1998)
Variation in stress with background pressure
in sputtered Mo/Si multilayer films
D. L. Windt, W. L. Brown, C. A. Volkert, and W. K. Waskiewicz, J.
Appl. Phys., 78 2423-2430 (1995)
Multilayer facilities required for extreme-ultraviolet
lithography
D. L. Windt and W. K. Waskiewicz, J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B, 12,
3826-3832 (1994)
Surface finish requirements for soft x-ray
mirrors
D. L. Windt, W. K. Waskiewicz, and J. E. Griffith, App. Op., 33, 2025-2031 (1994)