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About Reflective X-ray Optics


Reflective X-ray Optics LLC (RXO) was formed in 2005 by Dr. David L. Windt, company president. Since its founding, RXO has produced EUV multilayer coatings for NASA’s SDO/AIA and GOES-16/SUVI solar physics satellite instruments, and hard X-ray multilayer coatings for NASA’s NuSTAR astronomy mission. RXO has also produced coatings for a number of NASA sounding-rocket instruments, including Hi-C, MOSES, EUNIS, VERIS and SCORE, along with a variety of novel coatings for other EUV and X-ray applications as well.

David L. Windt received a B.S. degree in physics from the University of Connecticut, and M.S. and Ph.D. degrees in physics from the University of Colorado, Boulder. He holds an Adjunct Research Scientist position in the Columbia Astrophysics Laboratory at Columbia University, and has held past research positions at Columbia University, Bell Laboratories, and the Lockheed Palo Alto Research Laboratory. His research over the past three+ decades has focused largely on the development of X-ray optics for a variety of scientific, technological, and medical applications, including astronomy, solar physics, EUV lithography, and X-ray mammography. CV, Publications, GPG Public Key

Selected Publications

X-ray reflective coatings made of Pt, Al2O3/Pt, and Al2O3/Ni/Pt produced by atomic layer deposition
D. L. Windt, H. Li, D. Gorelikov, E. M. Gullikson, C. Gollwitzer, M. Krumrey, and C. Laubis,, App. Opt., 63, 6532 – 6536 (2024) https://doi.org/0.1364/AO.535173

Bilayer and trilayer X-ray mirror coatings containing W, Pt, or Ir in combination with C, C/Co, B4C, or B4C/Ni: X-ray Reflectance, Film Stress, and Temporal Stability
D. L. Windt, R. P. Conley, E. M. Gullikson, C. Gollwitzer, M. Krumrey, and C. Laubis, App. Opt., 62, 9568 – 9576 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1364/AO.496511

Coating of Thin, Lightweight X-ray Mirrors Without Distortion
P. M. Solly, W. W. Zhang, D. Windt, Y. Yao, Proc. SPIE, 12181 121814P-1 (2022), https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2629540

SunCET: The Sun Coronal Ejection Tracker Concept
J. P. Mason, P. C. Chamberlin, D. Seaton, J. Burkepile, R. Colaninno, K. Dissauer, F. G. Eparvier, Y. Fan, S. Gibson, A. R. Jones, C. Kay, M. Kirk, R. Kohnert, W. D. Pesnell, B. J. Thompson, A. M. Veronig, M. J. West, D. Windt, T. N. Woods, J. Space Weather and Space Climate, 11, 20, (2021) doi: 10.1051/swsc/2021004

NExtUP: the Normal-incidence Extreme Ultraviolet Photometer
J. J. Drake, P. Cheimets, C. Garraffo, B. Wargelin, A. Youngblood, V. L. Kashyap, P. Testa, D. Caldwell, J. Mason, B. Fleming, K. France, S. Wolk, O. Siegmund, T. Koskinen, J. Alvarado-Gomez, M. Mercedes Lopez-Morales, G. Gronoff, J. Bookbinder, M. Barstow, D. Windt, R. Gladstone, C. Loghry, R. Yarbrough, Proc. SPIE, 1182108 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2594408

Innovative design of EUV multilayer reflective coating for improved spectral filtering in solar imaging
M. Suman, M. G. Pelizzo, D. L. Windt, G. Monaco, S. Zuccon, and P. Nicolosi, Proc. SPIE, 1056667 (2020)

The High-Resolution Coronal Imager, Flight 2.1
L. A. Rachmeler, A. R. Winebarger, S. L. Savage, L. Golub, K. Kobayashi, G. D. Vigil, D. H. Brooks, J. W. Cirtain, B. De Pontieu, D. E. McKenzie, R. J. Morton, H. Peter, P. Testa, S. K. Tiwari, R. W. Walsh, H. P. Warren, C. Alexander, D. Ansell, B. L. Beabout, D. L. Beabout, C. W. Bethge, P. R. Champey, P. N. Cheimets, M. A. Cooper, H. K. Creel, R. Gates, C. Gomez, A. Guillory, H. Haight, W. D. Hogue, T. Holloway, D. W. Hyde, R. Kenyon, J. N. Marshall, J. E. McCracken, K. McCracken, K. O. Mitchell, M. Ordway, T. Owen, J. Ranganathan, B. A. Robertson, M. J. Payne, W. Podgorski, J. Pryor, J. Samra, M. D. Sloan, H. A. Soohoo, D. B. Steele, F. V. Thompson, G. S. Thornton, B. Watkinson & D. L. Windt, Solar Physics, 294, 174 (2019) doi: 10.1007/s11207-019-1551-2

Monochromatic mammography using scanning X-ray mirrors
D. L. Windt, Rev. Sci. Instrum., 89, 083702 (2018) doi:10.1063/1.5041799

Design of a broad-band soft X-ray polarimeter
H. L. Marshall, H. Moritz Günther, R. K. Heilmann, N. S. Schulz, M. Egan, T. Hellickson, D. L. Windt, E. M. Gullikson, B. Ramsey, G. Tagliaferri, and G. Pareschi, J. Astron. Telesc. Instrum. Syst., 4, 011005-1 – 011005-12 (2018), doi: 10.1117/1.JATIS.4.1.011005

Advancements in hard X-ray multilayers for X-ray astronomy
D. L. Windt, Proc. SPIE, 9603-42 (2015)

Two-dimensional differential deposition: figure correction of thin-shell mirror substrates for X-ray astronomy
D. L. Windt and R. Conley, Proc. SPIE, 9603-47 (2015)

EUV multilayer coatings for solar imaging and spectroscopy
D. L. Windt, Proc. SPIE, 9604-24 (2015)

Pd/B4C/Y multilayer coatings for extreme ultraviolet applications near 10 nm wavelength
D. L. Windt and E. M. Gullikson, App. Opt., 54, 5850 (2015)

Laboratory-based x-ray reflectometer for multilayer characterization in the 15-150 keV energy band
D. L. Windt, Rev. Sci. Inst., 86, 043107 (2015)

The use of laterally graded multilayer mirrors for soft x-ray polarimetry
H. L. Marshall, N. S. Schulz, D. L. Windt, E. M. Gullikson, M. Craft, E. Blake, C. Ross, Proc SPIE, 9603-39 (2015)

Multisegmented, multilayer-coated mirrors for the Solar Ultraviolet Imager
D. Martínez-Galarce, R. Soufli, D. L. Windt, M. Bruner, E. Gullikson, S. Khatri, E. Spiller, J. C. Robinson, S. Baker, E. Prast, Opt. Eng. 52, 095102 (2013)

Hi-C: The High Resolution Coronal Imager
K. Kobayashi, J. Cirtain, A. R. Winebarger, K. Korreck, L. Golub, R. W. Walsh, B. De Pontieu, C. DeForest, A. Title, S. Kuzin, S. Savage, D. Beabout, B. Beabout, W. Podgorski, D. Caldwell, K. McCracken, M. Ordway, H. Begner, R. Gates, S. McKillop, P. Cheimets, S. Platt, N. Mitchell, D. Windt, Solar Physics (2013)

The Atmospheric Imaging Assembly (AIA) on the Solar Dynamics Observatory (SDO)
J. R. Lemen, A. M. Title, D. J. Akin, P. F. Boerner, C. Chou, J. F. Drake, D. W. Duncan, C. G. Edwards, F. M. Friedlaender, G. F. Heyman, N. E. Hurlburt, N. L. Katz, G. D. Kushner, M. Levay, R. W. Lindgren, D. P. Mathur, E. L. McFeaters, S. Mitchell, R. A. Rehse, C. J. Schrijver, L. A. Springer, R. A. Stern, T. D. Tarbell, J.-P. Wuelser, C. J. Wolfson, C. Yanari, J. A. Bookbinder, P. M. Cheimets, D. Caldwell, E. E. Deluca, R. Gates, L. Golub, S. Park, W. A. Podgorski, R. I. Bush, P. H. Scherrer, M. A. Gummin, P. Smith, G. Auker, P. Jerram, P. Pool, R. Soufli, D. L. Windt, S. Beardsley, M. Clapp, J. Lang, N. Waltham, Solar Physics, 275, 14 (2012)

Initial Calibration of the Atmospheric Imaging Assembly (AIA) on the Solar Dynamics Observatory (SDO)
P. Boerner, C. Edwards, J. Lemen, A. Rausch, C. Schrijver, R. Shine, L. Shing, R. Stern, T. Tarbell, A. Title, C. J. Wolfson, R. Soufli, E. Spiller, E. Gullikson, D. McKenzie, D. Windt, L. Golub, W. Podgorski, P. Testa, M. Weber, Solar Physics, 275, 41 – 66 (2012)

In-band and out-of-band reflectance calibrations of the EUV telescope mirrors of the atmospheric imaging assembly (AIA) instrument aboard the Solar Dynamics Observatory (SDO)
R. Soufli, E. A. Spiller, D. L. Windt, J. C. Robinson, A. L. Aquila, F, J. Dollar, E. M. Gullikson, L. Rodriguez de Marcos, J. A. M. Morales, M. Fernandez-Perea, J. I. Larruquert, L. Golub, P. Boerner, Proc. SPIE, 8443-84433C (2012)

Extreme ultraviolet multilayer for the FERMI@Elettra free electron laser beam transport system
A. J. Corso, P. Zuppella, D. L. Windt, M. Zangrando, M. G. Pelizzo, Opt. Ex., 20, 8006 – 8014 (2012)

Stability of EUV multilayer coatings to low energy proton bombardment
M. G. Pelizzo, A. J. Corso, P. Zuppella, D. L. Windt, G. Mattei and P. Nicolosi, Opt. Ex. 19, 14838 – 14844 (2011)

Capped Mo/Si multilayers with improved performance at 30.4 nm for future solar missions
A. J. Corso, P. Zuppella, P. Nicolosi, D. L. Windt, E. Gullikson, and M. G. Pelizzo, Opt. Ex,, 19, 13963 – 13973 (2011)

Coatings for the NuSTAR mission
F. E. Christensen, A. C. Jakobsen, N. F. Brejnholt, K. K Madsen, A. Hornstrup,  N. J.Westergaard, J. Momberg, J. Koglin, A. M. Fabricant, M. Stern, W. W. Craig, M. J. Pivovaroff, D. Windt, Proc. SPIE, 8147, 81470U (2011)

Performance optimization of Si/Gd extreme ultraviolet multilayers

D. L. Windt, J. A. Bellotti, B. Kjornrattanawanich, and J. F. Seely, App. Opt. 48, 5502 – 5508 (2009)

 

Performance, structure and stability of SiC/Al multilayer films for extreme ultraviolet applications

D. L. Windt and J. A. Bellotti, App. Opt. 48, 4932 – 4941 (2009)

 

Normal-incidence silicon–gadolinium multilayers for imaging at 63 nm wavelength

B. Kjornrattanawanich, D. L. Windt and J. F. Seely, Opt. Lett., 33, 465 (2008)

 

The EUV Imaging Spectrometer for Hinode

J. L. Culhane, L. K. Harra, A. M. James, J. Al-Janabi, L. J. Bradley, R. A. Chaudry, K. Rees, J. A. Tandy, P. Thomas, M. C. R. Whillock, B. Winter, G. Doschek, C. M. Korendyke, C. M., Brown, S. Myers, J. Mariska,J. Seely, J. Lang, B. J. Kent, B. M., Shaughnessy, P. R. Young, G. M. Simnett, C. M., Castelli, S. Mahmoud, H. Mapson-Menard, B. J. Probyn, R. J. Thomas, J. Davila, K. Dere, D. Windt, J. Shea, R. Hagood, R. Moye, H. Hara, T. Watanabe, K. Matsuzaki, T. Kosugi, V. Hansteen, Ř. Wikstol,

Solar Physics, 243, 19 – 61 (2007)

Reduction of stress and roughness by reactive sputtering in W/B4C multilayer films
D. L. Windt, Proc. SPIE, 6688 (2007)

Terbium-based extreme ultraviolet multilayers
D. L. Windt, J. F. Seely, B. Kjornrattanawanich, and Yu. A. Uspenskii, Opt. Lett., 30, 3186 - 3188 (2005)

Stability of EUV multilayers to long-term heating, and to energetic protons and neutrons, for extreme solar missions

A. D. Rousseau, D. L. Windt, B. Winter, L. Harra, H. Lamoureux, and F. Eriksson, Proc. SPIE, 5900 (2005)

Development and testing of EUV multilayer coatings for the Atmospheric Imaging Assembly aboard the Solar Dynamics Observatory
R. Soufli, D. L. Windt, J. C. Robinson, S. L. Baker, E. Spiller, F. J. Dollar, A. L. Aquila, E. M. Gullikson, B. Kjornrattanawanich, J. F. Seely, L. Golub, Proc. SPIE, 5901 (2005)

Experimental comparison of extreme-ultraviolet multilayers for solar physics
D. L. Windt, S. Donguy, J. Seely and B. Kjornrattanawanich, App. Opt. 43, 1835 – 1848 (2004)

Normal-incidence efficiencies of multilayer-coated laminar gratings for the Extreme-Ultraviolet Imaging Spectrometer on the Solar-B mission
J. F. Seely, C. M. Brown, D. L. Windt, S. Donguy and B. Kjornrattanawanich, App. Opt., 43, 1463 - 1471 (2004)

EUV multilayers for solar physics
D. L. Windt, S. Donguy, J. Seely, B. Kjornrattanawanich, E. M. Gullikson, C. C. Walton, L. Golub, E. DeLuca, Proc. SPIE, 5168, 1 (2003)

Optical constants for hard x-ray multilayers over the energy range E=35 - 180 keV
D. L. Windt, S. Donguy, C. J. Hailey, J. Koglin, V. Honkimaki, E. Ziegler, F. E. Christensen, F. A. Harrison, Proc. SPIE, 5168, 35 (2003)

W/SiC X-ray multilayers optimized for use above 100 keV
D. L. Windt, S. Donguy, C. J. Hailey, J. Koglin, V. Honkimaki, E. Ziegler, F. E. Christensen, C. M. H. Chen, F. A. Harrison, W. W. Craig, Proc. SPIE, 4851, 639 (2002) & App. Opt., 42, 2415 - 2421 (2003)

Microstructure of thin tantalum films sputtered onto inclined substrates: Experiments and atomistic simulations
J. Dalla Torre, G. H. Gilmer, D. L. Windt, R. Kalyanaraman, F. H. Baumann, P. L. O'Sullivan, J. Sapjeta, T. Diaz de la Rubia, and M. Djafari Rouhani, J. App. Phys., 94, 263 - 271 (2003)

Diffraction-limited astronomical X-ray imaging and X-ray interferometry using normal-incidence multilayer optics
D. L. Windt, S. M. Kahn, G. E. Sommargren, Proc. SPIE, 4851, 441 (2003)

Normal-incidence reflectance of optimized W/B4C X-ray multilayers in the range 1.4 nm < lambda < 2.4 nm
D. L. Windt, E. M. Gullikson, C. C. Walton, Opt. Lett., 27, 2212-2214 (2002)

The feasibility of detecting 'cosmological' gray dust
D. L. Windt, Ap. J. L., 564, L61 (2002)

A photometric imaging solar telescope, tunable in the extreme ultraviolet, utilizing multilayer X-ray optics
L. Golub, E. DeLuca, P. Hamilton, G. Nystrom, D. L. Windt, W. K. H. Schmidt and A. Dannenberg, Rev. Sci. Instr., 73, 1908 (2002)

Growth, structure and performance of depth-graded W/Si multilayers for hard X-ray optics
D. L. Windt , F. E. Christensen, W. W. Craig, C. Hailey, F. A. Harrison, M. Jimenez-Garate, R. Kalyanaraman, and P. H. Mao, J. Appl. Phys., 88, 460 (2000)

X-ray multilayer coatings for use at energies above 100 keV
D. L. Windt , F. E. Christensen, W. W. Craig, C. Hailey, F. A. Harrison, M. Jimenez-Garate, R. Kalyanaraman, and P. H. Mao, Proc. SPIE, 4012, 442 (2000)

Stress, microstructure and stability of Mo/Si, W/Si, and Mo/C multilayer films
D. L. Windt , J. Vac. Sci. Technol. A, 18, 980-991 (2000)

The scattering of X-rays by interstellar dust on the micro-arcsecond scale
D. L. Windt, W. C. Cash and S. M. Kahn Ap. J., 528, 306-309 (2000)

Growth and structure of metallic barrier layer and interconnect films I: experiments
D. L. Windt, J. Dalla Torre, G. H. Gilmer, J. Sapjeta, R. Kalyanaraman, F. H. Baumann, P. L. O'Sullivan, D. Dunn, R. Hull Proc. MRS, 564, 307-312 (1999)

Growth and structure of metallic barrier layer and interconnect films II: atomistic simulations of film deposition onto inclined surfaces
J. Dalla Torre, G. H. Gilmer, D. L. Windt, F. H. Baumann, R. Kalyanaraman, Hanchen Huang, T. Diaz de la Rubia, and M. Djafari Rouhani Proc. MRS, 564, (1999)

Low-stress W/Cr films for SCALPEL mask scattering layers
D. L. Windt, J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B, 17, 1385-1389 (1999)

Amorphous carbon films for use as both variable-transmission apertures and attenuated phase-shift masks for DUV lithography
D. L. Windt and R. A. Cirelli, J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B, 17, 930-932 (1999)

Multilayer films for figured X-ray optics
D. L. Windt, Proc. SPIE 3448 (1998)

IMD: Software for modeling the optical properties of multilayer films
D. L. Windt, Computers in Physics, 12, 360-370 (1998)

Variation in stress with background pressure in sputtered Mo/Si multilayer films
D. L. Windt, W. L. Brown, C. A. Volkert, and W. K. Waskiewicz, J. Appl. Phys., 78 2423-2430 (1995)

Multilayer facilities required for extreme-ultraviolet lithography
D. L. Windt and W. K. Waskiewicz, J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B, 12, 3826-3832 (1994)

Surface finish requirements for soft x-ray mirrors
D. L. Windt, W. K. Waskiewicz, and J. E. Griffith, App. Op., 33, 2025-2031 (1994)

 


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